Table 81 testing locations, soil types and compaction devices. Soil compaction can be a serious form of soil degradation. The results of the field compaction tests on the first soil lift are presented in table 2. Soil compaction is typically required by contract or specifications to be the responsibility of the contractor. The procedure defined in this manual has been adopted from procedures used by member. Soil compaction constitutes one of the main applications of soilvehicle. On july 16, 2002 a soil compaction test was performed on each site. Health and safety publications, series on testing and assessment, no. Is code book soil and foundation engineering indian. This is very logical for better compaction of soil. These companies are licensed by the state of florida to practice engineering and geology. The nature of soil compaction a productive forest soil is typically a. Soil decompaction and testing requirements soil compaction testing requirements 1. Laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort.
Tires, traction and compaction jodi dejonghughes, university of minnesota extension 1. A study of effective soil compaction control of granular soils. Proctor test on a given soil we can gain a wealth of. Evaluation of laboratory compaction procedures for specification of. Compaction teagasc agriculture and food development. Soil compaction is a problem that is often overlooked when attempting to identify causes of reduced production. How to do a compaction test or insitu density test. Soil and aggregate compaction maryland state highway. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use. Summary of intelligent compaction on soil and subbase. The proctor compaction test is a test that compacts the soil material at various moisture.
Pdf simplified method to predict compaction curves and. Compaction of soil is an important process, as it helps it of achieve certain physical properties necessary for its proper behaviour under loading. Soil compaction compaction is the application of mechanical energy to a soil to rearrange the particles and reduce the void ratio. The importance of compaction soil erosion control soil. Alternative compaction recommendations are also presented based on txdots tx 1e compaction. Soil quality information sheet soil quality resource concerns. Tires, traction and compaction certified crop adviser. Soil and foundation engineering indian standard code books free download pdf is 1080 1985 code of practice for design and construction of shallow foundations in soils other than raft, ring and shell click here is 1498 1970 classification and identification of soils for general engineering purposes click here is 1888 1982 method of. Measures density of soil for comparing the degree of compaction vs specs. The relationship of laboratory test results to compaction of soils as part of preliminary engineering, the soil at a construction location is sampled and tested. The importance of compaction the process of compaction in pavement and subgrade material is a method of mechanically induced stress applied repetitiously to achieve a desired density to promote both short and long term performance. The final soil survey is done after the line for a project has been approved by the location and design division. Soil compaction spreadsheet create a microsoft excel spreadsheet to analyze modified proctor test data and sand cone test data.
If performed improperly, settlement of the soil could occur and result in unnecessary maintenance costs or structural failure. If you are dealing with a contractor who has not previously worked in the area, you should be wary. October 2010 agdex 5101 agricultural soil compaction. Compaction of the subsoil affects a range of soil functions and ecosystem services. This is a laboratory run test that determines the maximum theoretical dry density of soils utilizing a 5. Generally before any soil compaction occurs various samples of the proposed embankment or fill is analyzed in the lab. Compaction of soil is the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type becomes most dense and achieve its maximum dry density by removal of air voids. Measurements of soil strength and test strips of ripping help quantify restrictions and confirm if other constraints such as soil acidity or salinity are present.
There are many types of soil compaction tests which are performed on soil. Compaction increases the shear strength of the soil. The compaction curve between moisture content and dry unit weight should be prepared for all types of soil in the project area, before. Soil compaction testings are performed by professional engineering companies specializing in geotechnical work. Compaction of soil process, necessity and theory of.
Compaction, in general, is a densification of soil by removal of water from the voids of the soil. Manual of soil laboratory testing 314 every different degree of compaction on a particular soil results in a different compaction curve, each with unique values of optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. Pdf this paper concerns the results of changes in soil compaction after the passages of combine harvester. Compaction of soil is a process of densification of soil by displacing air from the pores by applying external stress on soil at different moisture content. Evaluation of laboratory compaction procedures for. Compaction curves should be prepared for all types of soil in the project area, before earthwork commences. A study of effective soil compaction control of granular soils by vincent drnevich, p. Astm d7380 15 standard test method for soil compaction. Most contractors get a feel for these figures, based on their local experience. Compaction and consolidation are two different processes which causes volume reduction of soil.
Based on the results of these tests as well as additional tests to measure the compressibility of the soil, recommendations were. The line of optimum moisture contents is usually around 85% saturation and the optimum moisture content decreases with increasing compactive effort. The main differences between soil compaction and consolidation process is given below. Formation of a compound by the combining of water with some other substance. The driving force behind the compaction problem is the efforts of. Causes and management s oil compaction can be a serious and unnecessary form of soil degradation that can result in increased soil erosion and decreased crop production. Construction specification csor023 is applicable to all types of earthfill including fill sections. Compaction tests are commonly performed as part of a geotechnical profile of a building site. Heavily compacted soils contain few large pores, less total pore volume and consequently a greater density. Compaction is simply the arrangement of soil particles to create a density that is high enough to limit root growth, soil moisture, and aeration. Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing pore space between them figure 1. Fundamentals of soil compaction intelligent compaction. It is of greater concern than near surface compaction because it is a difficult problem to solve and may take many years, or even decades, under vigorous pasture to rehabilitate.
Effect of compaction and soil test potassium levels on. Model your spreadsheet after the spreadsheet posted on the class web site for the lecture example. A cone penetrometer is an instrument used by soil scientist and engineers, to measure the force required to penetrate a standard sized cone through a soil. The proctor compaction test is a laboratory method of experimentally determining the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type will become most dense and achieve its maximum dry density. As previously mentioned, compaction is the densification of soils by the. A laboratory test program evaluated alternative test methods for granular soil compaction control and showed that a vibrating hammer method similar to british standard bs 77. The mean moisture percentages of the wetted soils of sites 1,2 and 3 were 14,8%, 15,4% and 16,1 % respectively these values did not differ significantly. Compaction test of soil is carried out using proctors test to understand compaction characteristics of different soils with change in moisture content. For each penetrometer the soil compaction of the dry and wet soils of site 1 were greater than the soil compaction of the dry and wet soils of site 2 and site 3. Factors affecting compaction of soil effect on different. Compaction usda natural resources conservation service april 1996 how can compacted soils be identified. The compaction curve between moisture content and dry unit weight should be prepared for all types of.
Optimizing the value of soil compaction testing quality assurance. Subgrade soils prior to the application of topsoil see permanent seeding and stabilization notes for topsoil requirements shall be free of excessive compaction to a depth of 6. The test is named in honor of ralph roscoe proctor, who in 1933 showed that the dry density of a soil for a given compactive effort depends on the amount of water the soil. An overall conclusion to be drawn is that the dry density v moisture content relationship obtained for a soil from a laboratory test is not property of a soil. Proctor soil compaction test procedures, tools and results. Compaction, relative compaction, dry density, moisture content. Deep soil compaction is excessive soil compaction below the normal annual tillage depth, usually 1520 cm. Procter test several samples of the same soil, but at different water contents, are compacted according to the compaction test specification the soil is mixed with varying amounts of water to achieve different water contents dr.
Compaction of soil is the application of mechanical energy to a soil to rearrange the particles and reduce the void ratio and increase soil density. Soil compaction refers to the physical degradation of the soil resulting in densification and distortion of soil where biological activity, porosity and permeability are reduced, strength is increased and soil structure is partly destroyed european commission, 2014. Each test procedure has a separate learning module. How to calculate a compaction test report quality assurance and quality control in construction december 27, 2014 is a continuation of the previous article i posted how to do a compaction test or insitu density test, about calculation of the test report. Laboratory soil compaction test is used to obtain a decrease in volume of the soil. Interpetation of test results official portal of ukm. If different soils are mixed, then check points should be calculated to ascertain the optimum moisture level for the soil mixture being placed and tested. Laboratory impact compaction tests on aggregate mixes with fines. Astm d 1557 laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using. Pdf compaction of the subsoil affects a range of soil functions and ecosystem services. Goal of compaction place loose soil in the field and compact it to make soil strong as possible.
Factors affecting compaction of soil effect on different soil types. The msa manual covers three different methods of analysis. Compaction compaction is the process of increasing the density of soil by mechanical means by packing soil particles closer. Compaction curve method 1 laboratory static compaction at 790 kpa 2 modified aashto compaction 3 standard proctor compaction 4 laboratory static compaction at 79kpa 5 field compaction rubber lyred loaded,6 passes 6 field compaction sheeps foot rollers,6 passes method of compaction 10. The following observations can be made from a typical compaction test.
Both the original and modified here the modified proctor compaction test 1946. We will also describe how soil compaction is recognized and measured, and we will discuss management alternatives for reducing compaction problems. Confident identification of soil compaction to restrict crop or pasture growth uses diagnosis combining visual symptoms of plant, root and soil features. Pdf evaluation of changes in soil compaction due to the. Compaction tests results vary with the input compactive effort, usually measured in foot pounds per cubic foot of soil. The curve is a function of the mode and quantity of energy and the soil characteristics. But it has a major limitation that this test is not suitable for saturated and soft soils. Soil compaction is a vital part of the construction process. The test is used to define the optimum level of soil or aggregate that can be compacted into a. Compaction of a soil layer is judged by how much resistance a penetrometer encounters through the soil profile.
A compaction test is a soil quality test used to assess the level of compaction which can occur in the soil on a site. Following the different factors affecting compaction of soil. The driving force behind the compaction problem is the efforts of farming to remain economically viable in a. They may also be performed to learn more about a soil in a particular area, whether or not the area is slated for development. The first soil lift was placed and field compaction tests were conducted in accordance with the project specifications. Pdf improvements of the soils in sites are usually necessary to achieve. For class a compactioncompaction test method and required percent of maximum. Pdf compaction of soils is a major construction activity in civil engineering, and. A r,ew testing procedure using undisturbed compacted sarnples is deveroped. A standard measure for reporting the compaction results of ic rollers has not been established. Compaction of soil is the compression of soil particles into. Soil quality information sheet soil quality resource. For instance, a compaction test similar to the bs light test but using, say, 50 blows per layer. Two measurements were taken at each site, the first one at the 3 depth and the second at the 6 depth.
Your field compaction test results for the second soil lift taken at the intervals required by the project specifications are listed in table a. Compaction of soil purpose and effects of soil compaction. Accordingly, each ic equipment manufacturer has developed its own unique method for characterizing the level of soilsubbase layer compaction which in turn is incorporated into its own proprietary software for data processing and display. A great deal of judgment is required when performing such work. Combine equation 2cl and 2c2 to get the value of point d, i. The number of drops required to drive the cone a distance of 3.
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